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So it looks like your mail client uses the wrong encoding when displaying the file.
How did you try to open the file on the receiver's end? I can't reproduce the problem.

The file is just attached as is to the email. You need to make sure that the text editor on your computer uses utf-8 when opening the file. For example, with TextEdit on Mac OS X, you need to manually select utf-8 in the file open dialog because it doesn't detect the encoding automatically.
This will be fixed in Textastic 3.0.
Implemented for Textastic 3.0:

If you quickly upload or download a file, there's a new "Always" button in addition to "Yes" and "No".

You can set this separately for upload and download.

You can re-enable the overwrite prompt in the settings screen.
There will be a whole range of themes available in Textastic 3.0.

Those are the same as in TextMate plus some additional ones like Railscasts, Monokai and Solarized themes.
In Textastic 3.0 you can bring up a list of recently used files by tapping on the name of the currently open file.

There's also a button to close the currently open file.

You can remove individual items from the list or clear the list.

This will be available in the next update.
I've implemented a new syntax highlighter for Textastic 3.0 that fixes the issue. It will be available in the next update.
I have implemented the symbol list from TextMate for Textastic 3.0.

Here's how this looks with an Objective-C file: